Are You CovidMune?™
What is Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
- Caused by a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2
- Human originating coronaviruses cause the common cold, this coronavirus is special because it originated in bats and adapted to humans
- Previous two coronaviruses that originated in bats caused many deaths, but did not multiply, or mutate as fast
- Lethality is 3-5%, elderly and the immune-compromised
- Spreads extremely fast
- Takes 2 weeks to know if you are infected
- Asymptomatic people can spread it
- On average 1 person spreads it to 3 people
- Compared with flu where 1 person spreads to 1.3 people

The Immune System Protects us from COVID19
- In bats, the virus is adapted to the bat immune system
- Dirty conditions, and housing live and dead animals together, may have led to bat virus going into pangolin, then humans
- The virus enters through lung type 2 epithelial cells
- People with strong immune systems kill the virus
- People with weak immune systems get killed by the virus

The Immune System Can Kill Us
- COVID-19 deaths are a result of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Excessive immune response to virus results in infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) into the lung
- Neutrophils produce enzymes which destroy the fine structures of the lung needed for respiration to occur, also causes leakage of water into lungs



QuadraMune™ Boosts “Good” Immunity while Suppressing “Bad” Immunity
- Protection from a virus is mediated by stimulation of the first layer of defense “innate” immunity:
- interferon-alpha production
- NK cell activity
- Additional production from the virus by enhancement of Th1 cells, which are part of the adaptive immune system and cause immunological memory
- Suppression of excessive inflammation by inhibition of NLRP3 and chemicals that are toxic to lung
What is QuadraMune™?
An Integrated Attack on inflammation
Contains:
Pterostilbene, which is the active ingredient in NanoStilbene™, originally developed and patented by us as a potent delivery means of using pterostilbene for immune stimulation and blocking inflammation is included.
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) is a potent antioxidant, responsible for some health benefits of green tea.
Sulforaphane is an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes, responsible for
Thymoquinone is a phytochemical compound found in the plant Nigella sativa.

Pterostilbene Activates Immunity
- In a clinical trial, Pterostilbene (NanoStilbene) was demonstrated to increase the ability of NK cells to kill target cancer cells.
- NK cells are cells of the body that directly kill viruses
- In the same trial, pterostilbene increased the production of Interferon-gamma from T cells.
- Interferon-gamma is essential for antiviral (Th1) immune memory


Pterostilbene Suppresses Inflammation
- CRP associated with death from ARDS
- CRP associated with death from COVID
- In the same trial, pterostilbene decreased CRP
- Liver generated inflammatory protein
- Pterostilbene decreased TNF
- TNF is produced by macrophages in the lungs and causes lung failure


Sulforaphane Protects Lungs
- Protects lungs from damage by activating Nrf2 gene
- Suppresses death of lung cells
- If death occurs in lung cells, stimulates fluid call surfactant to clear debris
- Stimulates production of growth factors
- Prevents scar tissue formation
- A common consequence of lung inflammation is long term fibrosis (scar)


Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Stimulates T cells
- EGCG stimulates the immune system by “taking off the brakes”…it inhibits the inhibitors
- PD-L1 is an immune suppressive molecule, cancer patients take drugs that block PD-L1 in order to increase immunity
- PD-L1 blocking drugs are very expensive
- EGCG works on the same pathway but is natural, meaning fewer side effects
- EGCG inhibits indolamine 2,3 deoxygenase pathway, which is another immune-suppressive means


Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Inhibits Pathological immunity
- T regulatory (Treg) cells protect the body against autoimmunity and pathological inflammation
- Th17 cells make IL-17 which causes inflammation
- In health, there is a balance between Treg and Th17
- In ARDS there are too little Treg cells and too much Th17
- EGCG stimulates Treg when they are needed


EGCG Protects lungs
- Protects from cell death induced by inflammatory mediators
- Inhibits alveolar macrophage hyperactivation
- Suppresses neutrophil activity in lungs
- Reduces fibrosis
- Stimulates healing factors


Nigella Sativa (thymoquinone)
- Active ingredient chemically related to hydroxychloroquine
- Similar activity in cells in that it suppresses autophagy
- Potentially antiviral based on mechanistic effects on cells
- Demonstrated to stimulate NK cells which are antiviral

