What is Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?

• Caused by a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2
• Human originating coronaviruses cause the common cold, this coronavirus is special because it originated in bats and adapted to humans
• Previous two coronaviruses that originated in bats caused many deaths, but did not multiply, or mutate as fast
• Lethality is 3-5%, elderly and the immune-compromised
• Spreads extremely fast
• Takes 2 weeks to know if you are infected
• Asymptomatic people can spread it
• On average 1 person spreads it to 3 people
• Compared with flu where 1 person spreads to 1.3 people

• In bats, the virus is adapted to the bat immune system
• Dirty conditions, and housing live and dead animals together, may have led to bat virus going into pangolin, then humans
• The virus enters through lung type 2 epithelial cells
• People with strong immune systems kill the virus
• People with weak immune systems get killed by the virus

Contains:

Pterostilbene, which is the active ingredient in NanoStilbene™, originally developed and patented by us as a potent delivery means of using pterostilbene for immune stimulation and blocking inflammation is included.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) is a potent antioxidant, responsible for some health benefits of green tea.

Sulforaphane is an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes, responsible for health benefits of broccoli.

Thymoquinone is a phytochemical compound found in the plant Nigella sativa.

• In a clinical trial, Pterostilbene (NanoStilbene) was demonstrated to increase the ability of NK cells to kill target cancer cells. 
• NK cells are cells of the body that directly kill viruses
• In the same trial, pterostilbene increased the production of Interferon-gamma from T cells.
• Interferon-gamma is essential for antiviral (Th1) immune memory

• CRP associated with death from ARDS
• CRP associated with death from COVID
• In the same trial, pterostilbene decreased CRP
• Liver generated inflammatory protein
• Pterostilbene decreased TNF
• TNF is produced by macrophages in the lungs and causes lung failure

• Protects lungs from damage by activating Nrf2 gene
• Suppresses death of lung cells
• If death occurs in lung cells, stimulates fluid call surfactant to clear debris
• Stimulates production of growth factors
• Prevents scar tissue formation
• A common consequence of lung inflammation is long term fibrosis (scar)

• EGCG stimulates the immune system by “taking off the brakes”…it inhibits the inhibitors
• PD-L1 is an immune suppressive molecule, cancer patients take drugs that block PD-L1 in order to increase immunity
• PD-L1 blocking drugs are very expensive
• EGCG works on the same pathway but is natural, meaning fewer side effects
• EGCG inhibits indolamine 2,3 deoxygenase pathway, which is another immune-suppressive means

• T regulatory (Treg) cells protect the body against autoimmunity and pathological inflammation
• Th17 cells make IL-17 which causes inflammation
• In health, there is a balance between Treg and Th17
• In ARDS there are too little Treg cells and too much Th17
• EGCG stimulates Treg when they are needed

• Protects from cell death induced by inflammatory mediators
• Inhibits alveolar macrophage hyperactivation
• Suppresses neutrophil activity in lungs
• Reduces fibrosis
• Stimulates healing factors

• Active ingredient chemically related to hydroxychloroquine
• Similar activity in cells in that it suppresses autophagy
• Potentially antiviral based on mechanistic effects on cells
• Demonstrated to stimulate NK cells which are antiviral