{"id":1023,"date":"2020-04-10T17:30:15","date_gmt":"2020-04-10T17:30:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/?page_id=1023"},"modified":"2020-04-10T17:32:28","modified_gmt":"2020-04-10T17:32:28","slug":"methods-of-action-for-pterostilbene","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/methods-of-action-for-pterostilbene\/","title":{"rendered":"Methods of Action for Pterostilbene"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.19.3″ background_image=”https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/shutterstock_112250879.jpg” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0|0px|false|false”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Are You CovidMune?™” text_orientation=”center” _builder_version=”3.19.3″ title_level=”h2″ title_font=”|800|||on|||#e02b20|” title_text_color=”#ffffff” content_font=”|700|||||||” content_text_color=”#000000″ subhead_font=”||||on|||#e02b20|” subhead_text_color=”#ffffff” subhead_font_size=”30px” background_image=”https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/covid-19-dna.jpg” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_color=”#ffffff” button_one_border_color=”#e02b20″ button_one_font=”|600|||||||” box_shadow_style_button_one=”preset2″][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.19.3″ custom_padding=”7px|0px|0|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.19.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.19.3″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.19.3″]<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

The biological activities and molecular effects of\u00a0pterostilbene.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Modes\/treatments<\/strong><\/td>\nModel used<\/strong><\/td>\nMechanism<\/strong><\/td>\nReferences<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Inflammation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pterostilbene (1\u201310\u03bcM)<\/td>\n3T3-L1 & RAW 264.7 coculture<\/td>\n\u2193IL-6 & TNF-\u03b1 secretion
\u2193COX-2, \u2193iNOS, \u2193IL-6, \u2193TNF-\u03b1, \u2193PAI-1, \u2193CRP, \u2193MCP-1, \u2193resistin, \u2193leptin,
\u2193Migration of macrophages toward adipocytes<\/td>\n		Hsu et\u00a0al, 2013\u00a0[1]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (0.1\u20131\u03bcM)<\/td>\nHUVECs<\/td>\n\u2193Monocyte binding, \u2193sICAM1, \u2193IL-8, \u2193MCP-1, \u2193sE-selectin, \u2193p-eIF2\u03b1, \u2193ICAM1, \u2193MMP9, \u2193CRP78<\/td>\nLiu et\u00a0al, 2016\u00a0[2]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breast cancer<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (40\u201380\u03bcM)<\/td>\nMCF-7<\/td>\n\u2193Cell viability, \u2191Apoptosis, \u2191Caspase-3, \u2191Bax, \u2193Bcl-2, \u2191ROS generation, \u2193MMP, \u2191AMACR<\/td>\nChakraborty et\u00a0al, 2010\u00a0[3]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (50\u2013100\u03bcM)<\/td>\nMCF-7 & Bcap<\/g>-37<\/td>\n\u2193Cell viability, \u2191Apoptosis, \u2191PARP, \u2191G1 phase arrest, \u2193cyclin D1, \u2193\u03b2-catenin, \u2191autophagy, \u2191LC3 II<\/td>\nWang et\u00a0al, 2012\u00a0[4]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (15\u201350\u03bcM)<\/td>\nMCF-7<\/td>\n\u2191Autophagy, \u2191Beclin 1, \u2191LC3 II, \u2191ROS generation<\/td>\nChakraborty et\u00a0al, 2012\u00a0[5]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prostate cancer<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (1\u201325\u03bcM)<\/td>\nLNCaP<\/td>\n\u2193Cell viability, \u2191G1 phase arrest, \u2191CDNK1A, \u2191CDNK1B, \u2193prostate-specific antigen<\/td>\nWang et\u00a0al, 2010\u00a0[6]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (40\u201380\u03bcM)<\/td>\nPC-3<\/td>\n\u2191Apoptosis, \u2191caspase-3, \u2191Bax, \u2193Bcl-2, \u2191ROS generation, \u2193MMP, \u2191AMACR<\/td>\nChakraborty et\u00a0al, 2010\u00a0[7]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (40\u2013100\u03bcM)<\/td>\nLNCaP<\/td>\n\u2193Cell viability, \u2191G1 phase arrest, \u2191p53, \u2191p21, \u2191p-AMPK, \u2193fatty acid synthase, \u2193acetyl CoA carboxylase<\/td>\nLin et\u00a0al, 2012\u00a0[8]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (40\u2013100\u03bcM)<\/td>\nPC-3<\/td>\n\u2193Cell viability, \u2191apoptosis, \u2191caspase-3, \u2191Caspase-9, \u2191p-AMPK, \u2193fatty acid synthase, \u2193acetyl CoA carboxylase<\/td>\nLin et\u00a0al, 2012 [8]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Colon cancer<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (1\u201330\u03bcM)<\/td>\nHT-29<\/td>\n\u2193Cell viability, \u2193cyclin D1, \u2193c-Myc, \u2191PARP, \u2193TNF -\u03b1, \u2193IL-1\u03b2, \u2193IFN-\u03b3, \u2193iNOS, \u2193COX-2<\/td>\nPaul et\u00a0al, 2009\u00a0[9]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (0.004%)<\/td>\nAOM-induced colonic carcinogenesis rat<\/td>\n\u2193Tumor multiplicity, \u2193PCNA, \u2193TNF-\u03b1, \u2193IL-1\u03b2, \u2193IL-4<\/td>\nPaul et\u00a0al, 2010\u00a0[10]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (50\u03bcM)<\/td>\nHT-29<\/td>\n\u2193\u03b2-catenin, \u2193cyclin D1, \u2193c-Myc, \u2193I\u03baB\u03b1,\u2193phosphorylation of p65<\/td>\nPaul et\u00a0al, 2010\u00a0[10]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (5\u2013100\u03bcM)<\/td>\nHCT-116, HT-29, & Caco-2<\/td>\n\u2193Cell viability, \u2193colony formation capacity, \u2191apoptosis, \u2191caspase-3, \u2191PARP<\/td>\nNutakul<\/g> et\u00a0al, 2011\u00a0[11]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (50\u00a0ppm & 250\u00a0ppm)<\/td>\nAOM-induced colonic carcinogenesis mice<\/td>\n\u2193Aberrant crypt foci, lymphoid nodules & tumors, \u2193NF-\u03baB, \u2193iNOS,\u2193COX-2, \u2191heme oxygenase-1, \u2191Glutathione reductase, \u2191Nrf2<\/td>\nChiou et\u00a0al, 2011\u00a0[12]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (5\u201350\u03bcM)<\/td>\nCOLO 205, HCT-116 & HT-29<\/td>\n\u2191Apoptosis, \u2191caspase-3, -8, -9, \u2193mTOR\/p70S6K, \u2193PI3K\/Akt, \u2193MAPKs, \u2193p-ERK1\/2, \u2193p-JNK1\/2, \u2191autophagy, \u2191LC3 II<\/td>\nCheng et\u00a0al, 2014\u00a0[13]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (10\u00a0mg\/kg BW)<\/td>\nCOLO 205 xenograft nude mice<\/td>\n\u2193Tumor volume, \u2193tumor weight, \u2193COX-2, \u2193MMP-9, \u2193VEGF, \u2193cyclin D1, \u2191caspase-3<\/td>\nCheng et\u00a0al, 2014\u00a0[13]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Diabetes<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (40\u00a0mg\/kg BW)<\/td>\nDiabetic rats<\/td>\n\u2193Blood glucose, \u2193Glycosylated hemoglobin, \u2191Hexokinase, \u2193Glucose-6-phosphatase, \u2193Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase<\/td>\nPari<\/g> et\u00a0al, 2006\u00a0[14]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (4\u03bcM & 8\u03bcM)<\/td>\nINS-1E (insulin-secreting rat insulinoma) \u03b2-cell line<\/td>\n\u2191Nuclear Nrf2, \u2191HO-1, \u2191CAT, \u2191SOD, \u2191GPx, \u2191Bcl-2, \u2193Bax, \u2193caspase-3<\/td>\nBhakkiyalakshmi et\u00a0al, 2014\u00a0[15]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (15\u00a0mg\/kg & 50\u00a0mg\/kg BW)<\/td>\nWistar rats fed an obesogenic diet<\/td>\n\u2193HOMA-IR, \u2191GLUT4, \u2191p-Akt\/total Akt ratio, \u2191cardiotrophin-1, \u2191glucokinase<\/td>\nG\u00f3mez-Zorita et\u00a0al, 2015\u00a0[16]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dyslipidemia<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (40\u00a0mg\/kg BW)<\/td>\nStreptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type II diabetes rats<\/td>\n\u2193VLDL-C, \u2193LDL-C, \u2191HDL-C, \u2193triglycerides, \u2193free fatty acids, \u2193phospholipids<\/td>\nSatheesh & Pari, 2008\u00a0[17]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (15\u00a0mg\/kg & 30\u00a0mg\/kg BW)<\/td>\nWistar rats fed an obesogenic diet<\/td>\n\u2193 Adipose tissue weight, \u2193 ME, \u2193FAS, \u2193G6PDH, \u2193CPT-1a, \u2193ACO<\/td>\nG\u00f3mez-Zorita et\u00a0al, 2014\u00a0[18]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (10\u201350\u03bcM)<\/td>\nH4IIEC3 cells<\/td>\nPPAR\u03b1 ligand, \u2191PPAR\u03b1 gene expression<\/td>\nRimando et\u00a0al, 2015\u00a0[19]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aging<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (0.004% or 0.016%)<\/td>\nAged male Fischer rats (19-mo-old)<\/td>\n\u2193Cognitive behavioral<\/g> deficits, \u2193dopamine release, \u2191pterostilbene levels in hippocampus<\/g>, \u2191working memory<\/td>\nJoseph et\u00a0al, 2008\u00a0[20]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pterostilbene (120\u00a0mg\/kg diet)<\/td>\nSAMP8 mice<\/td>\n\u2193The number of errors over 2-day radial arm water maze test, \u2191MnSOD, \u2191PPAR-\u03b1, \u2193phosphorylated JNK, \u2193PHF<\/td>\nChang et\u00a0al, 2012\u00a0[21]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

ACO=acetyl-coA<\/g> carboxylase; AMACR=a-methylacyl<\/g>-CoA recemase<\/g>; Bcl-2=B-cell leukemia\/lymphoma 2; CAT=catalase; CDNK1A=cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; CDNK1B=cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; COX-2=cyclooxygenase-2; CPT-1a=carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1a; CRP=C-reactive protein; FAS=fatty acid synthase; G6PDH=glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUT4=glucose transporter4; GPx=glutathione peroxidase; HDL-C=high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HO-1=heme oxygenase-1; HOMA-IR=homeostatic modelassessment<\/g>-insulin resistance; IFN-g=interferon gamma; IkBa=inhibitor of kappa B; IL-1b=interleukin 1 beta; IL-4=interleukin 4; IL-6=interleukin 6; IL-8=interleukin 8; iNOS=inducible nitric oxide synthase; LC3 II=autophagy-related protein light chain 3 II; LDL-C=low densitylipoprotein<\/g> cholesterol; MAPKs=mitogen-activated protein kinases; MCP-1=monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; ME=malic enzyme; MMP=matrix metallopeptidase; mTOR=mammalian target of rapamycin; Nrf2=NF-E2-related factor 2; p70S6K=70 kDa ribosomal protein S6kinase; PAI-1=plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; p-AMPK=phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated<\/g> protein kinase; PARP=polyADP-ribose polymerase; PCNA=proliferating cell nuclear antigen; p-eIF2a=phospho-eIF2a; p-ERK1\/2=phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2; PHF=paired helical filaments; PI3K=phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; p-JNK1\/2=phospho-JNK1\/2; sICAM1=solubleintercellular adhesion molecule-1; PPARa=peroxisome proliferator activated<\/g> receptor alpha; ROS=reactive oxygen species; SOD=superoxidedismutase; TNF-a=tumor necrosis factor-a; VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor; VLDL-C=very low density lipoprotein cholesterol.<\/p>\n

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References<\/strong>
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[13] Cheng TC, Lai CS, Chung MC, Kalyanam N, Majeed M, Ho CT,Ho<\/g> YS, Pan MH. Potent anti-cancer effect of 30-hydroxypterostilbene<\/g> in human colon xenograft tumors. PLoS One 2014;9:e111814.
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<\/span>[17] Satheesh MA, Pari L. Effect of pterostilbene on lipids and lipid profiles in <\/span>streptozotocine<\/g> nicotinamide induced type 2diabetes <\/span>mellitus<\/g>. J Appl Biomed 2008;6:31e7.
<\/span>[18] Gomez-Zorita S, Fernandez-Quintela A, Lasa A, Aguirre L, Rimando AM, Portillo MP. Pterostilbene, a dimethyl ether derivative of resveratrol, reduces fat accumulation in rats fed an obesogenic diet. J Agric Food Chem 2014;62:8371e8.
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<\/span>[21] Chang J, Rimando A, Pallas M, Camins A, Porquet D, Reeves J, Shukitt-Hale B, Smith MA, Joseph JA, Casadesus G. Low-dose pterostilbene, but not resveratrol, is a potent neuromodulator in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012;33:2062e71.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.19.3″ background_image=”https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/shutterstock_112250879.jpg” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0|0px|false|false”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Are You CovidMune?™” text_orientation=”center” _builder_version=”3.19.3″ title_level=”h2″ title_font=”|800|||on|||#e02b20|” title_text_color=”#ffffff” content_font=”|700|||||||” content_text_color=”#000000″ subhead_font=”||||on|||#e02b20|” subhead_text_color=”#ffffff” subhead_font_size=”30px” background_image=”https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/covid-19-dna.jpg” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_color=”#ffffff” button_one_border_color=”#e02b20″ button_one_font=”|600|||||||” box_shadow_style_button_one=”preset2″][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.19.3″ custom_padding=”7px|0px|0|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.19.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.19.3″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.19.3″] The biological activities and molecular effects of\u00a0pterostilbene. Modes\/treatments Model used Mechanism References Inflammation pterostilbene (1\u201310\u03bcM) 3T3-L1 & RAW 264.7 coculture \u2193IL-6 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1023"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1023"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1023\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1028,"href":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1023\/revisions\/1028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/areyoucovidmune.com\/covidmune\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1023"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}